Protein Charge Neutralization is the Proximate Driver Dynamically Tuning a Nanoscale Bragg Reflector

Abstract

Reflectin is a cationic, block copolymeric protein that mediates the dynamic fine-tuning of color and brightness of light reflected from nanostructured Bragg reflectors in iridocyte skin cells of squids. In vivo, neuronally activated phosphorylation of reflectin triggers its assembly, driving osmotic dehydration of the membrane-bounded Bragg lamellae containing the protein to simultaneously shrink the lamellar thickness and spacing while increasing its refractive index contrast, thus tuning the wavelength and increasing the brightness of reflectance. In vitro, we show that reduction in repulsive net charge of the purified, recombinant reflectin—either (for the first time) by generalized anionic screening with salt, or by pH titration—drives a finely tuned, precisely calibrated increase in size of the resulting multimeric assemblies. The calculated effects of phosphorylation in vivo are consistent with these effects observed in vitro. X-ray scattering analyses confirm the sphericity, size and low polydispersity of the assemblies. Precise proportionality between assembly size and charge-neutralization is enabled by the demonstrated rapid dynamic arrest of multimer growth. The resulting stability of reflectin assemblies with time ensures reciprocally precise control of the particle number concentration, thereby encoding a precise calibration between the extent of neuronal signaling, osmotic pressure, and the resulting optical changes. The results presented here strongly suggest that it is charge neutralization, rather than any change in aromatic content, that is the proximate driver of assembly, fine-tuning a colligative property-based nanostructured biological machine. A physical mechanism is proposed.